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A tool that keeps a labeled history of every change you make to your code.
A distributed version control system. Each repository contains the full history; branches are cheap, merges are routine. The basic flow: edit files, stage changes with `git add`, snapshot with `git commit`, share with `git push`.
A content-addressable filesystem with a directed acyclic graph of commits. Objects (blob, tree, commit, tag) are identified by SHA-1 (transitioning to SHA-256). The index is the staging area; refs (branches, tags) are pointers to commits. Designed by Linus Torvalds in 2005 for Linux kernel development.