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When JavaScript silently converts one type to another to make an operation work — like turning a number into a string during `+`.
Implicit type conversion applied by the Abstract Equality Comparison (==), arithmetic operators, and string concatenation. `2 + '3'` gives `'23'` because `+` prefers string concatenation when one operand is a string.
Governed by the ToPrimitive, ToNumber, and ToString abstract operations in the ECMAScript spec. == follows a complex comparison algorithm (§7.2.14) that is the primary argument for always using ===.