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The automated sequence of steps — build, test, deploy — that runs every time you push code.
Stages: checkout → install deps → lint → test → build → push image → deploy. Each stage must pass for the next to run. Parallel stages run concurrently to reduce total time.
Artifact promotion: build once, deploy the same artifact to staging then production. Immutable artifacts (Docker images tagged by git SHA) ensure staging and production run identical code. Gate approvals between staging and production for compliance.