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A bag of key-value pairs — like a record with named fields.
A collection of named properties. Each property has a key (string or symbol) and a value (any type). Used as records, configurations, and hash maps. Access by key is typically O(1) average.
In JavaScript, an object is a hash table with prototype-based inheritance. Property access walks the prototype chain. V8 optimizes objects with stable shapes into 'hidden classes' that approximate struct performance until shape changes invalidate the optimization.