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A reusable block of code that takes input, does something, and gives back a result.
A named, parameterized unit of computation. Pure functions return outputs based only on inputs and have no side effects; impure functions may read or modify external state.
A first-class abstraction in most languages, often supporting closures, higher-order use, and currying. In type systems, functions are values whose type encodes parameter and return types and effects.